Device for the mechanical multiplication of two factors



ug o. EPPENSTEIN DEVICE FOR min MECHANICAL MULTIPLICATION OF TWO FACTORS Filed Aug. 14, 1926 I 3 Sheets-Sheet l 1 1638-190 Aug 9 o. EPPENSTEIN U v IEQHANICAL MULTIPLICA'IIION OF TWO FACTORS I Filed Au'z. '14. 1925 1 638,190 1927' o. EPPENSTEIN I ON QF TWO FACTORS DEVICE FOR THE umcmmcguuumxrucmr Filed Auz. 1'4, @926 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 mailed Atg. 1527. v

UNITED STATES o'rro nrrnnsrnm, or JENA, on

y I 1,638,190 PATENT. OFFICE.

RMANY, ASSIGNOR TO THE FIRM CARL ZEISS,'OF I JENA, GERMANY. I

nnv ren non 'rnn MECHANICAL MULTIIfLICATION or TWO microns.

Application fled August 14, 1926, Serial No. 129,259, and in- Germany June 12, 1925.

(1) 2:20, sin a wherein 0, means a: constant to be determined as requisitem the special case in question.

Likewise a variable y may be represented by i an angle B- and another constant 0,, suitably chosen, in the form I (1") 3 :0, sin ,8. The product any is, therefore, given by the equation 1 mug/=0 sin .0; sin 5.

A transformation of the Equation 1 results in: i

(2) 0 sin a sin B [cos (oi-H3) cos (a- 5)] I If for the sake of simplification the value 2 be replaced by 0 Equation 2 results in I The product sought for is therefore represented as the difference of the'two cosines of the-total and the cosine of the difierence of two auxiliaryangles, whereby the said factors are proportional to the sine of one each of the auxiliary angles themselves. The mechanical multiplication is thus resolved into the three processes: representation of the total and the difference of two angles, representation of the cosine of angles and representation of the .-difierence' of such two cosines,i. e. into processes which can be carried out by well-known means.

According 'to theinventionthe device may be provided with two planet gearsfor representing the totaland 'the difference of two auxiliary angles .whose sine is proportional to one eac'hof the factors. In'order .to be .able to, solve with such a device the problem set one ma provide it with two rectilinearly displaceab sliding carriages which are guided insuch at way that their displacements are proportional to the cosine of the total and the. difference of the auxiliary angles. Ifthese angular values be known themselves, the sliding carriages may be simply guided according to the definition of the cosine function. For representing the diiference of two cosine's a planet gear migl1t again be used. Thereby, however, it

"would benecessary to previously convert the displacemepts of the, sliding carriages, ap-

pearing as distances, into rotations which would necessitate an increase of the members of the device. The latter will become great- 1y simplified if on one of the sliding carriages advantage if one of the factors w ,or y is already given as sine function of an angle.

his case exists for instance if a one-stationary telemeter, admitting of measuring the parallactic angle at the target by means of displacing a deflection wedge,.be used as an altimeter or chart-distance meter for aerial targets and the like. Fig. 1 ofthe accompanying drawing diagrammatically shows the theoretical basis for the constructional examples. ,In Figs. 2

to 6 is represented a constructional example of the invention. Fig. 2 is in elevation a section on the line X--X of Fig. 4, Fig 3 is a front view in elevation, Fig.4.is a cross section in plan, Fig. 5 is inelevavtion a section on, the line Y-Y of Fig. 4, Fig. 6. shows a perspective front view of a detail.

Fig. 7 is in plan a section through a. second constructional example,-Fi"g. 8 1s a section on the line A-Aindicated in Fig. 7.

In Fig. 1 isrepresented the so-called sighting triangle B B Z in elevation, in full size As, however, and in plan. v v

a H K b=B B the base of a one-stationary telem- 3111 Y 5111 "1) eter, thus E the distance of a target Z from the telemeter, r

H the height of the target Z above the horizontal plane through the light-entrance apertures l5: and B of the telemeter,

K the projection of the distance E on this horizontal plane, thus the chart-distance of the target Z,-

u), the parallactic angle at the target Z,

y the angle of elevation between the horizontal and the sighting line of the telemeter.

7 variable b The following equation holds good :v

or, w being generally very small, with suflicient approximation:

there'is:

. n a n 0 and thus according to Equation 5 with ini. e, the angle (p is a scale for the chart-dis: tance K of the target Z. 1 a

From the above deduction follows that it is possible to provide the new device for the mechanical multiplication of two factors to which admits .ofmeasuring the parallactic angle at the target by displacing a deflection wedge If the connection of the device to the telemetcr be suchthat the said toothed wheel isso coupled to the deflection wedge that the displacement of the wedge, takes place proportional to the rotation of the toothed wheel, the displacements of the deflection wedge correspond to the values mentioned' in the Equations 6 and 6? and the telemeter is thus adapted for the direct determination of the height H and the chart? distance K respectively of a target Z.

' However, the device will be considerably more simplified by optically representing the differences of cosmos of the Equations 6 and 6. Such a construction of the invention canbe based u on the following consideration. As is well irnown, the deflection which the luminous ra'ys undergo in "the plane of measurernent of a one-stationarytelemeter while "and consequentl v by arrangin the we the plane -0 the maximum deflection com- 7 (5) w =iay=ig sin 'y= %sin 9-1).

If the telemeter be provided with an arrangementfor ad ustmg an auxiliary angle and .if the displacements w of the deflection wedge (which are, as is well known, proportional to the angle co be s[ P+-/)- (7)l, according to Equation 2 I (7) 00:0 sin (p sin y with invariable ase b s Samm i. e. the auxiliary angle go is a scale for the height H of the targetZ. If, however, the di placements of the wedge be;

traversing a pair of rotary wedges (mostly cides with the plane of measurement. If the according to Equation 8' telemeter be provided-with two such pairs of rotary wedges for adjusting the parallactic angle and if, furthermore, with each pair of wedges the edges be arranged in such a way that'the compensators are counteracting with regard to their total efiect, .i. e. that the total effect is the difference of the single effects of the compensators, the total deflection, which is assumed to be denoted by x, v

by supposing a uniform maximum deflection of all four single wedges of the compensa-' tors is pled to each other that the wedges of the one pair undergo a rotation about the total of the two auxiliary angles ii the wedges of the other pair rotate by the "difference of these angles. I By adjusting therefore a tar- I get. Z by means of the two compensators of H i the telemeter, whereby, however, the 'conver-- gence of the rays must only be produced by the compensators, and therefore for a target Z lying at infinity with any desired angle of elevation the axes of the entering ray pencils must be parallel, according to the Equation 2 there again holds good 4 and consequently according to the Equation 5 with invariable base I) of the telemeter i =c sin (p sin y 11 Sina If, however, the edges of the wedges of the compensators be so arranged that the deflections for attaining the total effect sum up,

there results, after angle' having been replaced by 90 the equation wherefrom according to the Equation 5 with r =0 sin (,0 sin (90 invariable base I) of the telemeter there re-,

sults the equation (-11") sin p=%- From the Equations -11 and "11 results that in 'the marked construction of the device the auxiliary angle (p is again a scale for the :fiections height H and the chart-distance K respectively of a target Z. The angle (p, however,

is no scale for the distance E since according to the Equation 4 (4) imiqm' However, in order to be able to'measure the distance E, besides H and K respectively,

it is possible to provide the device with two additional pairs of rotary wedges which are so connected to one each of the pairs of rotary wedges, destined for adjusting thei parallactic angle at the target, that the deflections caused by them are proportional in the plane of measurement of the luminous rays, emanating from a collimator, to the deflections caused by the other pairs of rotary wedges. As according to the Equation 3 the parallactic angle w is propor-- tional to the reciprocal value of the distance E. and as according to the Equations 6 and 6 this angle is proportional to-thetotal deof the compensatorsdestined for adjusting like toothed wheel 7, engaging in the wheel 5. The latter is used as' a bearing of a bolt 8 and is coupled to a bevel wheel 9. the.

toothed wheel 7 to a like bevel wheel 10'. On the bolts -6 and 8 is rotatable a bevel wheel each 13 or 14 cast together with a spur wheel 11 or 12. A planet wheel 15,

supported in a ring 16 rotatable within the casino: 1, engages in the bevel wheels 9 and 13. In the same manner a planet wheel 18, supported in a ring 17 engages in the bevel wheels 10 and 14. The diameter of the planet wheels 15 and 18 is half as large as that of the bevel wheels 9 and 10 respectively. The rotations of the rings 16 and 17 are transmitted 'to the discs 21 and 22 by means of studs 19 and 20. These discs are fixed on the bolts 6 and 8, which are supported in a cross-shaped carrier 23 extending over the casing 1. In the carrier 23 is supported a spur wheel 24, resembling the spur wheels 11- and 12 and engaging in them. It furtherengages in a like spur wheel 25, which may be rotated-from a milled head 27 with the aid of a bolt 26 supported in t e casing 1 The rotation of the milled heads 4 and 27 is indicated by angular graduations 28 and 29 and pointers 30 and 31.

In the casing 1 and the carrier 23 are furthermore supported two slides 32 and 33,

provided with slits 34 and 35 whose longitudinal direction is perpendicular to the di .rection of motion of the slides and in which are displaceable bolts 36 and 37, of-which the bolt 36Iis fixed on the disc 21 and the bolt 37 on the disc 22. The slide 32 carries a 'toothed wheel 38, which engages in a rack 39 provided on the slide 33 and which is rigidly connected to a bolt 41 passing through the lid 3 in a slit 40.

The telemeter connected to the device has a casing 42 with two prism heads 43 and 44 and two objectives 45 and 46 as well as an ocular 47. For, uniting the imaging rays, emerging from the objectives 45 and 46,

there is" used a prism system. This prism system consists of two isosceles-rectangular prisms 48 and 49, two prisms of parallelogram-shaped cross section 50 and 51 and an isoscelesrectangular prisms 52. One half of that surface of the prism 50, which is ce mented with the base-surface of the prism 52, is silvered. For adjusting the parallactic angle at the target is used a glass wedge 53 whose mount 54 rests on a sliding car; riage 55 which is movable in the direction of the optical axis ofthe obiective 45 bv means of a rack 56 and a toothed wheel 57 in a carriage guide 58 provided on-the casing 42. The toothed wheel 57 is coupled to wheel 38 by means justment of. an infinitely remote target for which, as is well known, the parallactic angle 10,- with ch size of the base 5 of the telemeter is equal to zero. Thereupon one sights at the targent Z whose height H is to be ascertained by means of the actuating devices 4 and 27 in the following way. One rotates the milled head 4 by double the amount of the angle of elevation 7 out of its initial position and dis laces the sliding carriage 55 with the we ge 53 by means of a rotation of the milled head 27, through an angle of 2 until the telemeter shows the desired adjustment of the target Z.

The bevel wheels 9 and 10 rotate each with this adjustment through the angle 2 in the oppositedirection but the bevel wheels 13 and14 rotate through the angle 2cp in the same .direction. It is obvious that, assuming-the said dimensions of the planet gears, the ring 16, rotated by the planet wheel 15, and at the same time the disc 21, coupled to this ring through the stud 19, with the same direction of rotation of the milled heads 4 and 27- undergo rotations through the angle go-I-y, while the ring 17, rotated by the planet wheel .'18, and the disc 22, c'oupled to this ring through the stud 20, undergo rotations through the angle rp-y. If the pins 36 and '37 .be inserted into the discs 21 and 22 in such a way that at the initial position of the wedge 53 both slides are in the same direction at the dead point,

the distance covered by the slide 32 with the said rotation ofthe, milled heads 4 and 27 corresponds todzos (Jprj-y) and that of the slide 33 to-cos and the motion of both slides 32 and 33 relatively to each other corresponds to the difierence of both these values, and therefore to the expression cos y cos( -y). These relative motions appear as rotations of the toothed wheel 38 to which the distances covered by the sliding carriage in the carriage guide 58 are proportional. The heightH sought for can directly be read oil by means of the vindex31 onthe scale 29 in the case of a correspondinggaqging of this scale.

In the second example (Figs. 7 and 8) the tubular casing 60 of the device is rotatable in a two-parted tube 61. which is assumed to be rigidly supported at the place of measurement, by means of a milled head 62 and a bevel wheel 63 as ,well as a bevel wheel gearing 64, about the optical axis of two objectives 65' and 66. The optical outfit of the telemeter is completed by two reflecting prisms '69 and disposed behind light- .entrance openings 67 and 68, a ray-uniting system 71 and an ocular 72. The tube 61 is rovided with a toothedv are 73 which proects through an opening 74 into the casing 60 and engages in. a spur wheel 75, actuating by means of a spur wheel 76 two spur wheels 77 and 78. In the casing 60 there is further supported a bevel wheel 79 which can be rotated from a milled head 80 and which 'actuates by means of a bevel wheel 81 two bevel wheels 82 and 83, each of which acts upon a bevel wheel gear 84 or 85. In front of the objective 65 are supported in the easing 60 two rims of gear wheel 86 and 87, rotatable about the optical objective axis, of which the rim 86 engages in the bevel wheel gear 84 and the rim 87in the spur wheel '77. The rimsof gear wheel 86 and 87, which are provided each with an additional bevel wheel gearing, are suplemei'ited by a planet wheel 88 to a planet gear. In the same way there -are rotatably supported in front of the objective 66 two rims of gear wheel 89 and 90, of "whichthe former engages in the bevel wheel .gear and the other in the spur wheel 78. .They form with a planet wheel 91 a planet gear. The angles of rotation-described by the axes of the planet wheels 88 and 91 about the objective axes are transmitted to compensators, which consist of'two glass wedges each 92, 93 and 94, 95 rotatable in opposite direction and each of which acts upon an additional glasswedge 96, 97, 98 or 99." The wedges 96" and 97 as well-as the wedges 98 and 99 form two compensators, rotatable about the optical axis of two objectives 100 and 101. In the front focal plane of the objective 100 is provided a scale 102, whichreceives diffuse light from a ground glass 103 located in I the casing 60. The objective 100 acts-consequently as a collimator lens for the imaging'rays emerging from scale 102 since all rays, emanating from one point of thescale 102, are parallel afterhaving traversed the objective 100. In the rear focal plane. of the objective 101 is disposed a ruled disc with a mark 104 denoting the optical axis, which disc simultaneously lies in the front focal plane of-an ocular 106.

The'opera-tion of the second example is as follows: In order to use the device it is necessary toadjust the rotary wedges 92, 93 and p 94, 95 in such a way that their maximum deflection falls into the plane of measurement of the telemeter which is adjusted without the compensators to an infinitely remote target. The edges of the wedges of the compensators must, in addition,'-be so disposed thatthe compensators are counter active with respect to the total efi'eet, ie that the difierence of the deflections caused by; it

them' becomesefiective. The actuating devices 62 and 80 are to be handled as follows.

By rotating the milled'head 62 the telemeteradjusted to the height 3- of the target Z at which the imaging rays entering the prisms 69 and 70 embrace the angle of elevation y of the target relatively to a. horizontal plane. The ratios of gear of the toothed wheels 73, 75, 76 and 77 are to be so chosen that with a proportion in size of 2 1 of the bevel wheel rims on the parts 86,87 and 89, to the planet wheels 88 and 91 the rims of gear'wheel 87 and 90 rotate through the angle 2 onjthe telemeter being adjusted in elevation. If a rotation of the milled head 80 through an angle entails a corresponding rotation of the rims of gear wheel 86 and 89 through the angle 2 the rotary wedges 92 and 93 as well as 94 and95 rotate with the illustrated arrangement of the parts of the gear in. pairs in opposite direction through the angles and (,0'y, and it is obvious' that according to the previously given deduction the angle is a scale for the height of the target-H sought and may be read of on a scale similar to scale 79 of the first example and surrounding the milled head 80.

The compensators 96, 97 and 98, 99 participate in the rotations of the compensators 92, 93 and 94:, 95. The scale 102- is imaged by the objectives 100 and 101 on the ruled disc and the points of the scale 102, ape

pertaining to the points of this image coinciding with the mark 104, are apart by dis tances, which are proportional to the total deflections of the compensators 96, 97 and 98, 99. With a corresponding gauging of the scale 102 it is therefore possible to direct 1y read oif on-the mark 104 by meansof the ,ocular 106 the value of the distance E of the target Z after the telemeter has been adjusted to this target Z.

Both devices described as examples may also easily be arranged for the determination of the chart-distance K of the target Z. For this purpose it is necessary to make such, al-' terations of the gear as" maybe easily deduced from the formulae, deduced froni those for the chart-distance K. For instance, in the second example the gears must-be disposed in such a way that the total of the deflections caused by the compensators 92, 93 and 94, 95 becomes-effective and that angle -y is replaced by 90'-y, i. e. thatthe maxifor supporting the mum deflection falls into a plane perpendicular to the plane ofmeasurement of the telemeter. Y i

I claim: I

1. Telemete'r comprising a casing, means said casingand admit ting of rotating the casing about a horizontal axis, in the casing being disposed two entrance prisms, two objectlves located behind the entrance prisms and adapted to receive the rays having passed through the entrance prisms, anocular, a prism system disposed between the objectives and the ocular and adapte'dto transmit to the ocular the 0 posite direction, and means for coupling tl ie 1 differential rays having passed through the objectives, optical means interposed within the path of rays and adapted to displace relatively to each-other the two ima' es produced by the two objectives, two, difi erential ears, each of which contains two members dlsplaceably supported, and a third member displaceably supported, the third member coacting with the first and the second member and undergoing by these two members a displacement proportional to the algebraic sum of the displacements of these two members, two actuating devices, means for coupling the one actuating device to the first two members of the two difierential gears so as to impart to these members like displacements in the same direction, means for coupling the other actuating device to the second two members of the two differential ears so as to impart to these members like 'splacements in the one of the vsaid actuating devices with the said optical means.

2. Telemeter comprising a casing, means 'for supporting the said casing andadmitting of rotating the casing abou -a horizontal- .axis, in the casing lbeing,disposed two en v trance prisms, two objectives located behind the entrance prisms andadapted to receive the rays having passed through the entrance rism's, an ocular, a prism systemdisposed tween theobjectives and the ocular and adapted to transmit' to the ocular the rays having passed thro gh the objectives, two refractive wedges, skccessively inserted between each objective nd the said prism sys tem and supported-rotatable in the casing; means for coupling the two wedges so as to rotate, in opposite sense, two dlifi'erential gears, each of which contains two members, displaceably supported, anda third member, displaceably supported, the third member coacting with the first and the second member, and underging by these liWO members a displacement proportional to the algebraic sum of the displacements of these two members, two actuating devices, means for coupling the one actuating device to the first two members of the two differential gears so as to-impart to these members like displacements in the same direction, means for coupling the other actuating" device to the second two members of the 0 two diflerential. gears so as to impart to these members like displacements in the opposite direction, means adapted to rotatewith an actuation of the second adjusting device'the casing about the said horlzontal axis, and means for coupling to the third member each of the two gears one each of the said refractive wedges. i

3. Telemeter comprising a casing,means for supporting the said casing and admitting of rotating the casing about a horizon- Hill entrance prisms, two objectives located bind the entrance prisms and adapted to re- -ceive the rays having passed through the entrance prisms, an ocular, a prism system disposed between the objectives and the ocular and adapted to transmit to the ocular therays having passedthrough the objectives,

two refiractive wedges, successively inserted between each objective and the saidzprism rotate in opposite sense, two planet system and supported rotatable in the casing,

means for coupling the two wedges so as to ears of which each contains two crown w eels: rotatably supported in the casing, and a planet wheel engaging in the two crown wheels and being, on the one hand, rotatableabout its own axis and, on the other hand,

about the axis .of rotation of the crown wheels, two actuating devices, means for coupling the one actuating device to one crown wheel each of the planet gears so as to impart to these crown wheels like displacements in the same-direction, and means for coupling the other actuating device to the other 'two, crown wheels so as to impart to these OTTO EPPENSTEIN. 

